One significant cytokine that affects various tissues and species at various stages of biology is TNF-α. It is a proinflammatory cytokine that induces oxidative stress, necrosis or apoptosis of liver cells, and hepatic inflammation. TNF-α is a cytokine generated from pleiotropic monocytes that has been linked to liver damage, severe inflammatory disorders, and the advancement of cancer. TNF-α binds to two different receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, to initiate inflammatory reactions in the tissue. TNFR2 is only expressed on inflammatory cells, whereas TNFR1 is found in nearly all tissues. TNF receptor-associated protein with death domain (TRADD) is drawn to the death domain of TNFR1 once TNF-α ligates TNFR1.