An Introduction to Metal Recycling

Metals can be recycled repeatedly without altering their properties. According to the

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steel is the most recycled material on the

planet. The other highly recycled metals include aluminum, copper, silver, brass, and

gold.






Why Do We Recycle Metals?


Metals are valuable materials that can be recycled again and again without degrading

their properties. Scrap metal has value, which motivates people to collect it for sale to

recycling operations.










In addition to a financial incentive, there is also an environmental imperative. The

recycling of metals enables us to preserve natural resources while requiring less energy

to process than the manufacture of new products using virgin raw materials. Recycling

emits less carbon dioxide and other harmful gasses. More importantly, it saves money and

allows manufacturing businesses to reduce their production cost.

Scrap cable

wire recycle machine also creates jobs.










Quick Metal Recycling Facts


Although almost every kind of metal can be recycled again and again without

degradation of properties, in 2018, only 34% of metal in U.S. municipal waste facilities

was recycled. Below are some additional facts:






In 2019, 490.98 million (32%) of the the 1,532.51 million metric tons of crude steel

produced worldwide was made using recycled materials with scrap motor wrecker.


Around 69% of crude steel in the United States in 2019 was made of recycled

materials.


In the United States alone, around 2.2 million tons of steel cans and other steel

packaging waste were generated in 2018.


Steel and iron are the most recycled materials in the world due in part to the

opportunity to recover large structures as well as the ease of reprocessing. The use of

magnets in the sorting process enables recyclers to easily separate them from the mixed

waste stream.


Currently, the single most recycled container in the world is the aluminum can.


Recycling a single aluminum can save enough energy to power 100-watt light bulb for

nearly four hours.










Types of Metals Recycled


Metals can be classified as ferrous, or non-ferrous. Ferrous metals are combinations

of iron with carbon. Some common ferrous metals include carbon steel, alloy steel,

wrought iron, and cast iron.










On the other hand, non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin.

Precious metals are non-ferrous. The most common precious metals include gold, platinum,

silver, iridium, and palladium. 










The Metal Recycling Process


The main stages of the metal recycling process are as follows:






1. Collection


The collection process for metals differs than that for other materials because of

higher scrap value. As such, it is more likely to be sold to scrap yards than sent to the

landfill. The largest source of scrap ferrous metal in the U.S. is from scrap vehicles.6






Other sources include large steel structures, railroad tracks, ships, farm equipment,

and of course, consumer scrap. Prompt scrap, which is created in the course of new

product manufacturing, accounts for one-half of ferrous scrap supply.






2. Sorting


Sorting involves separating metals from the mixed scrap metal stream or the mixed

multi-material waste stream. In automated recycling operations, magnets and sensors are

used to aid in material separation. There are machines as electrostatic separators.






At the entrepreneurial level, scrappers may employ a magnet, as well as to observe

the material color or weight to help determine the metal type. For example, aluminum will

be silver and light. Other important colors to look for are copper, yellow (for brass)

and red, for red brass. Scrappers will improve the value of their material by segregating

clean metal from the dirty material.






3. Processing


To allow further processing, metals are shredded. Shredding is done to promote the

melting process as small shredded metals have a large surface to volume ratio. There are

metal crushing machine

,

hydraulic metal processing machine, recycle accessory machine.






As a result, they can be melted using comparatively less energy. Normally, aluminum

is converted into small sheets, and steel is changed into steel blocks.






4. Melting


Scrap metal is melted in a large furnace. Each metal is taken to a specific furnace

designed to melt that particular metal. A considerable amount of energy is used in this

step.






Still, as mentioned above, the energy required to melt and recycle metals is much

less than the energy that is needed to produce metals using virgin raw materials. Based

on the size of the furnace, the degree of heat of the furnace and volume of metal,

melting can take from just a few minutes to hours.






5. Purification


Purification is done to ensure the final product is of high quality and free of

contaminants. One of the most common methods used for purification is Electrolysis.






6. Solidifying


After purification, melted metals are carried by the conveyor belt to cool and

solidify the metals. In this stage, scrap metals are formed into specific shapes such as

bars that can be easily used for the production of various metal products.






7. Transportation of the Metal Bars


Once the metals are cooled and solidified, they are ready to use. They are then

transported to various factories where they are used as raw material for the production

of brand new products.






When the products made of these metal bars come to the end of their useful life, the

metal recycling process cycles again.






Challenges for the Metal Recycling Industry


The current overall metal recycling rate of around 34% is not acceptable, given the

recyclability of almost every kind of metal, and challenges remain with respect how to

recapture more material for recycling. The expansion of community recycling programs and

public awareness help in this regard.






Another important reason for the low recycling rate has to do with the design of

various metal products. The growing complexity of various modern products and their

material mix makes recycling increasingly difficult. For instance, a smartphone can

contain more than 70 different elements. So, extracting every kind of materials from a

mobile phone and reusing them in the production of new products makes it difficult.






Metal Recycling Technologies


Modern recycling technologies can effectively identify many different kinds of

metals, though there is still the need for even more effective recycling technologies to

separate non-ferrous metals.






Separating ferrous metals from non-ferrous metals is one of the most important steps

in the sorting process. As ferrous metals contain iron, they are attracted by magnets and

easily pulled out of the mixed waste stream. In scrap yards, cranes fitted with an

electromagnet can remove larger pieces of ferrous scrap.






When sorting metals from a mixed stream of recyclable material, the paper is removed

first, leaving only plastics and metals. Then, electric currents are induced across the

stream where only metals get affected. This process is called eddy current separation.

Although aluminum is not magnetic, this technology can levitate it and allow plastics to

drop out of the process.






Recovering precious metals such as palladium, platinum, gold and other valuable

metals such as copper, lead, and silver from electronic waste becomes economically viable

only if enough scrap is collected. Such separation takes more technologically advanced

and sophisticated recycling equipment. These days, in large recycling facilities, the use

of sensors to identify metals through infrared scanning and x-ray has become popular.

Three common categories of metal sensing processes include biotechnology,

hydrometallurgy, and pyrometallurgy. The use of these technologies can effectively

improve metal recovery rates.






Business Opportunities in Metal Recycling


Traditionally, metal recycling has been regarded as a profitable business

opportunity. In recent years, however, depressed prices have proved to be challenging. At

an entrepreneurial level, a common entry point into the metal recycling business is

through starting scrap metal collection business or becoming a scrap metal vendor.






Metal Recycling Laws and Legislation


If you are looking to set up a metal recycling-related business in the U.S., you

should know relevant recycling laws in your state. This interactive map allows you to

find metal recycling laws pertinent to every jurisdiction.






Metal Recycling Trade Associations


ISRI (Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries Inc): ISRI is the largest trade

association for businesses related to recycling. It represents over 1,300 for-profit

companies from 40 different countries worldwide.






BMRA (British Metals Recycling Association): BMRA represents over 270 scrap metal

recyclers of UK and is the leading trade association in the UK.






AMRIA: AMRIA refers to Australian Metal Recycling Industry Association.






CARI: CARI stands for Canadian Associations of Recycling Industries. It has over 200

member companies.






Being a member of trade associations in the recycling industry enables a new

recycling business to know and understand the trends in the industry and maintain a good

relationship with other businesses in the industry.